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Showing 15 results for Camel
Majid Houshangi, Hosseinali Ghobadi, Hamed Fooladvand,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (10-2014)
Volume 2, Issue 2 (10-2014)
Abstract
An important subject in the field of linguistics is the impact of one thought system on the community of lingual symbols. The relationship between mind and language conventions has long been of interest to linguists. The importance of this relationship becomes more prominent in comparative approaches where, through comparative study and analysis of the main schemas of the ideas of several thinkers or artists, the researcher traces the consistent and common use of linguistic symbols. In the hermeneutic analysis of the works of Mowlana Jalal ad-Din Mohammad Rumi, the interpretation of symbols, analogy and codes governing his mind and language is a major research interest. One of the most important branches among these researches concerns the kinship of Mowlana’s language codes with other thinkers and artists. On the other hand, Nietzsche, as a transcendental thinker, tries to use a symbolic language in explaining his thinking system. Due to his familiarity with the culture and literature of the East and the essential sameness of some of his principles with Mowlana’s transcendental approaches about the existence, morality, art , etc., Nietzsche achieves a set of symbols common with Rumi, which forms a shared language between the two thinkers.
Volume 8, Issue 32 (4-2020)
Abstract
The ritual of "The King of the Sacrificed Camel" is one of the rituals about which various reports have been mentioned in the historical sources of Qajar era. In this ritual, a man who looks like the king, gets on a camel in Eid al-Adha. But the camel is sacrificed, the man falls down, and loses his superficial kingdom in severe humiliation. However, the study attempts to seek why the government allowed a man similar to the kind to be humiliated? And why this ritual is held in Eid al-Adha? The assumption is that the rite follows the rites of "Temporary Kingdoms" that were held from the ancient ages to recent eras in different territories. The people of these territories believed that the weakness or illness of the king caused drought, epidemic, and famine. So, they had to kill the king before the indications of weakness unfold and his ghost could be transferred to his successor in full health. However, after a while, killing the king converted to the killing of a man similar to the king, and then killing of this man was converted to his punishment and humiliation, though in some cultures an animal was sacrificed instead of him. The ritual of "The King of the Sacrificed Camel" contains both the humiliation of the temporary king and the sacrifice of an animal. The similarity of animal sacrifice in this ritual and Eid al-Adha helped the organizers to use the legitimacy of Eid al-Adha to continue this ritual. The study employs the phenomenology of Edmund Husserl.
Volume 8, Issue 34 (10-2020)
Abstract
Camel breeding has been one of the main occupation of desert dwellers since the ancient times. The climatic, economic, and cultural conditions have fascinated tribes and desert dwellers with camel breeding. Camel is an important source of their economy; therefore, they have a longstanding emotional relationship with the animal. Camels are widely reflected in the culture and literature of the people in Semnan. The purpose of this study is to collect and analyze the characteristics of camels in two dimensions of formal and transverse attributes in Semnan folk literature, particularly among camel owners. The data were collected through field study and interview. Moreover, the expert’s knowledge has been used in the data analysis. The results show that camels play an important role in the folk literature such as songs, proverbs, myths, sounds and beliefs, in the desert territory of Semnan province, the review of which is presented in the study.
Introduction
Understanding the cultural significance of camel breeding requires an investigation of the traditional animal husbandry, not only because of the tremendous variety of camel names, but also because of the plethora of songs, proverbs, stories, beliefs, Sarbani’s knowledge and techniques, indigenous veterinary knowledge, botany, and the behavior of the camels (Farhadi, 1998, p. 206). Besides the economic value, camel breeding shows a deep emotional love and affection between human and animals. This is why a person is convinced and interested to choose such a difficult job.
The special and exceptional capability of camels throughout history has made human beings think that they can employ the various capabilities of this animal, including meat, milk, wool, and bearing. On this basis, and especially in desert areas where the talent and capacity of camel breeding is higher, the camel breeding profession has a long history. According to some field studies, in the past, camel breeding was very prosperous and common in more than 130 villages of the Semnan province, but now it has decreased to 35 villages. The purpose of this article is to analyze the role of camels in the folk literature of the people in Semnan province.
Methodology
The data collection was conducted through field study and interview. The expert’s knowledge has also been used through the interpretive method in the process of data analysis.
Results
The traits and characteristics of camels in the folk literature are reflected in five sections as follows.
Introduction
Understanding the cultural significance of camel breeding requires an investigation of the traditional animal husbandry, not only because of the tremendous variety of camel names, but also because of the plethora of songs, proverbs, stories, beliefs, Sarbani’s knowledge and techniques, indigenous veterinary knowledge, botany, and the behavior of the camels (Farhadi, 1998, p. 206). Besides the economic value, camel breeding shows a deep emotional love and affection between human and animals. This is why a person is convinced and interested to choose such a difficult job.
The special and exceptional capability of camels throughout history has made human beings think that they can employ the various capabilities of this animal, including meat, milk, wool, and bearing. On this basis, and especially in desert areas where the talent and capacity of camel breeding is higher, the camel breeding profession has a long history. According to some field studies, in the past, camel breeding was very prosperous and common in more than 130 villages of the Semnan province, but now it has decreased to 35 villages. The purpose of this article is to analyze the role of camels in the folk literature of the people in Semnan province.
Methodology
The data collection was conducted through field study and interview. The expert’s knowledge has also been used through the interpretive method in the process of data analysis.
Results
The traits and characteristics of camels in the folk literature are reflected in five sections as follows.
- Formal attributes
The formal characteristics of this animal such as ears, eyes, neck, hump, tail, skin, masculinity, head, lips, knees and its height have been reflected in the oral literature.
The height of the hump indicates the fatness of the animal. This is why camel hump shrinks in dry seasons. In the following riddle, camel herders ask the animal hump:
The camel died of thinness, because it had a lot of tallow (hump), near dawn, neither on the ground nor in the air.
Answer: A thin camel with a load of hump (a saddle of tallow on its back) was moving over the bridge in Sham (Syria).
One of the beautiful songs of the Chudari tribe is the description of camel's body parts. In this song, the eyes, ears, head, hump, lips, feet, tail, nose, forehead, neck, horseshoe, knees, tongue, chest, abdomen, and eyebrows of the animal are interestingly focused in the song. This song is composed through poetry.
The height of the hump indicates the fatness of the animal. This is why camel hump shrinks in dry seasons. In the following riddle, camel herders ask the animal hump:
The camel died of thinness, because it had a lot of tallow (hump), near dawn, neither on the ground nor in the air.
Answer: A thin camel with a load of hump (a saddle of tallow on its back) was moving over the bridge in Sham (Syria).
One of the beautiful songs of the Chudari tribe is the description of camel's body parts. In this song, the eyes, ears, head, hump, lips, feet, tail, nose, forehead, neck, horseshoe, knees, tongue, chest, abdomen, and eyebrows of the animal are interestingly focused in the song. This song is composed through poetry.
- Different species of camels
Different species of camels such as Louk (male camel), Arvaneh (female camel) and Hashi (baby camel) also are significant in the folk literature. Of the various species of camels, "Louk" has a special place in the oral literature and has the highest frequency in proverbs, songs, etc.
"Louk must be proud of himself," says a Torud proverb.
It means that "Louk must roar himself." It is said to people who must be self-sufficient.
"Louk must be proud of himself," says a Torud proverb.
It means that "Louk must roar himself." It is said to people who must be self-sufficient.
- Camel equipment
Camel equipment such as harness, bridle, and golafsar are reflected in the oral literature. In the nomadic culture, the child is the ornament of the parents. This is also the case in the proverbs.
Like this proverb in the Elikaei tribe: "Eshter Bijahaz Bumenin.", which is translated as follows: You came with a camel without equipment.
This is called a parable if a parent goes to a party or to see an adult without children.
Like this proverb in the Elikaei tribe: "Eshter Bijahaz Bumenin.", which is translated as follows: You came with a camel without equipment.
This is called a parable if a parent goes to a party or to see an adult without children.
- Transverse characteristics of the camels
There are many anecdotes, legends, proverbs and songs about the transcendental traits of camels such as being emotional, resentful, intelligent, zealous, etc., which is also indicated as "Oshtor Khajow", the coldness of the old woman, the helpless young man, and the story of the camel the owner of which had entrusted to his neighbor.
- Products and uses of the camels
Like meat, milk, and wool, bearing and riding are also reflected in the oral literature of the people.
An example is the following song about loading camels:
Unload camels, Unload camels at every alley of pomegranate
At the end of each alley, make a sweet pomegranate for sick syrup.
Conclusion
Oral literature, as an important part of the literary production of any nation, deserves to be preserved and scientifically studied. Collecting, documenting, and presenting local literature, especially in the modern world, are so essential tasks, because the indigenous folk phenomena of Iran constitute the ancient structures of the culture of the Iranian tribes. On the other hand, the national culture is in great need of these isolated parts, and basically, the validity, value, and the depth of the national culture are realized within these subcultures. None of the efforts made to narrate the true history and culture of any nation will be complete without considering the phenomena and creations of folklore.
Some unique rituals, such as mourning for the death of a camel, are very important and worthy of anthropological study. There is a great deal of oral literature on the rich themes of camels that requires further study as well.
References
- Amanollahi Baharvand, E. (1988). Nomadism in Iran: research on nomads and tribes (in Farsi). Tehran: Agah.
- Ameri, J. & Tabatabaei, S. H. (2017). A study of the local sounds and melodies of Toroud and Satveh (in Farsi). Semnan: Hablerood.Azami Sangsari, Cheraghali (1968). Sangsar national celebrations. Historical Studies, 17, 55-37.
- Farhadi, M. (1998). Recycled museums (in Farsi). Kerman: Kerman Studies Center.
- Farhadi, M. (2003). Cultivation and culture, traditional methods of welfare and health and land rehabilitation in Iran (in Farsi). Tehran: Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad, Deputy for Planning and Economy, Research Institute for Planning and Agricultural Economics.
- Goli Zavareh, Gh. (1990). Camel, the old friend of the desert nomads. Reserves of the Revolution, 13, 67-80.
- Honary, M. (1975). Camel breeding in the desert: Anthropology and public culture of Iran 2 (in Farsi). Tehran: Anthropology Center of Iran Publications.
- Shah Hosseini, A. (2017). The Choodaries, a desert dweller tribe (in Farsi). Semnan: Hablerood.
An example is the following song about loading camels:
Unload camels, Unload camels at every alley of pomegranate
At the end of each alley, make a sweet pomegranate for sick syrup.
Conclusion
Oral literature, as an important part of the literary production of any nation, deserves to be preserved and scientifically studied. Collecting, documenting, and presenting local literature, especially in the modern world, are so essential tasks, because the indigenous folk phenomena of Iran constitute the ancient structures of the culture of the Iranian tribes. On the other hand, the national culture is in great need of these isolated parts, and basically, the validity, value, and the depth of the national culture are realized within these subcultures. None of the efforts made to narrate the true history and culture of any nation will be complete without considering the phenomena and creations of folklore.
Some unique rituals, such as mourning for the death of a camel, are very important and worthy of anthropological study. There is a great deal of oral literature on the rich themes of camels that requires further study as well.
References
- Amanollahi Baharvand, E. (1988). Nomadism in Iran: research on nomads and tribes (in Farsi). Tehran: Agah.
- Ameri, J. & Tabatabaei, S. H. (2017). A study of the local sounds and melodies of Toroud and Satveh (in Farsi). Semnan: Hablerood.Azami Sangsari, Cheraghali (1968). Sangsar national celebrations. Historical Studies, 17, 55-37.
- Farhadi, M. (1998). Recycled museums (in Farsi). Kerman: Kerman Studies Center.
- Farhadi, M. (2003). Cultivation and culture, traditional methods of welfare and health and land rehabilitation in Iran (in Farsi). Tehran: Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad, Deputy for Planning and Economy, Research Institute for Planning and Agricultural Economics.
- Goli Zavareh, Gh. (1990). Camel, the old friend of the desert nomads. Reserves of the Revolution, 13, 67-80.
- Honary, M. (1975). Camel breeding in the desert: Anthropology and public culture of Iran 2 (in Farsi). Tehran: Anthropology Center of Iran Publications.
- Shah Hosseini, A. (2017). The Choodaries, a desert dweller tribe (in Farsi). Semnan: Hablerood.
Volume 10, Issue 41 (10-2013)
Abstract
In this research the effect of microwave thermal treatment with power of 600 w on Longissimus.dorsi (L.d) muscle of camel by 1-3 years were examined. Chemical analysis, mechanical properties and proteins behavior of raw and microwaved samples were compared. Also the cook loss changes in three powers of 300, 600 and 900 w were measured which all of them were followed a zero-order kinetic model. The percentage of fat, protein and ash increased because of high cook loss. Sodium reduced while iron and zinc increased. Shear force and compression force increased in comparison with raw sample. Both Shear force and compression force followed a three-phase curve :(1) rapid toughening, (2) rapid softening, (3) slow toughening. The microstructures of raw and heated samples were also studied. The micrographs showed the rupture of meat structure and connective tissue coagulation. DSC was performed to assess protein denaturation.
Volume 11, Issue 43 (4-2014)
Abstract
Camel meat has been considering as a common source of animal proteins in many countries such as Iran. Regarding to the continuous rise in human population, worldwide, the importance of meat and its products of food animals has been already realized. The economic impact of camel meat especially in Iran is enormous. Using different chemical preservatives in curing meat have previously employed to enhance its flavor and also to increase its shelf life. Meat curing is consisting of dry, wet and mixed methods. In previous studies it mentioned that the mixed method is more favorable than other methods. Therefore, in this study the effect of mixed curing method on some microbial index of camel meat was considered. Three meat samples were obtained and each meat sample was divided to two experimental groups: cured and none treated (as control groups). Then samples were monitored for different range of microorganisms such as; members of family Enterobacteriacae, yeasts and molds. The results were analyzed using statistical SAS software (version 9.1), Paired T test, one way ANOVA and Duncan. Our results showed that using mixed curing system on camel meat may significantly reduce the total number of yeasts and mold (p0/05), however changes in the total count and counting of bacteria in the family Enterobacteriacae, was not significant (p>0.05).
Volume 13, Issue 56 (10-2015)
Abstract
Studies have shown that camel milk and its fermented products have therapeutic properties and high nutritional value. Lactic acid bacteria play important role in Fermented dairy products. The aim of this study is to determine the lactobacillus community of camel milk. A total of 9 Lactobacillus were isolated from camel milk of Golestan province in Iran. The log10 CFU of Lactobacillus per ml on MRS medium under anaerobic condition at 20, 37 and 450C included 8.792± 0.14, 8.301±0.07 and 7.301±0.03 respectively. Isolates were identified on the basis of Biochemical and Phenotypic Characteristics as Lactobacillus paraplantarum, Lactobacillus ferintoshensis, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus pantheris, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus mali. Presence of Lactic acid bacteria was confirmed by band formation of PCR product in 1500 bp (amplification 16S rRNA gene using B27F-U1492Runiversal bacterial primer). Evaluation of their technological properties of isolates showed that isolated Lactobacillus fromcamelmilkhave lipoliticy, Proteolytic activity and high acidifying activity (except for Lb. mali and Lb. johnsonii). Also, allisolates, except Lb. Johnsonii, have autolytic activity in fair level. Based on technological properties ofisolates, Lb. paraplantarum, Lb. Brevis and Lb. pantheris are suggested as good candidates for camels milk processing or other fermentation process.
Volume 14, Issue 7 (12-2012)
Abstract
Tea leaves contain unsaturated fatty acids, key precursors of volatile compounds contributing to tea aroma quality. Tea is cultivated in areas with diverse environmental conditions. Nitrogenous fertilizers influence tea yields and quality. A previous single site study demonstrated that increasing nitrogenous fertilizer rates raised fatty acid levels. However it is not known if the magnitudes and patterns of the responses are replicated in different locations due to variations in growth factors. Nonetheless, there is a single fertilizer rate recommendation in all tea growing locations in Kenya. This study assessed possible variations in patterns and magnitudes of fatty acids in a single cultivar grown under similar nitrogenous fertilizer rates in different locations. Trials were conducted in five locations using clone BBK 35, receiving varying nitrogenous fertilizer rates. Fatty acids in two leaves and a bud were quantified as methyl esters. The levels varied (P≤ 0.05) with locations and increased (P≤ 0.05) with nitrogenous fertilizer rates. The rates of increase differed with locations leading to significant (P≤ 0.05) interaction effects. Thus, similar fertilizer rates in different locations result in different fatty acid levels, explaining differences in tea aroma quality from different locations even with the same agronomic inputs. The results demonstrate the need to develop region-specific agronomic inputs for the production of same tea quality.
Volume 15, Issue 6 (11-2013)
Abstract
The aim followed in the present paper was to evaluate the slaughter body and carcass weights as well as the characteristics of hide and leather in Dromedaries (one-hump) and in the crossbred (C. bactrianus×C. droedarius) camels. Fourteen camels from each sex (female and male) representing two genotypes at 21 months of age were utilized. Slaughter weight, hot and cold carcass weights, dressing-out percentage, wet and dry salting hide and leather properties were assessed. There were significant differences in slaughter weights between Dromedary and crossed types (339±10.7 vs. 372±11.1 kg) and as well between male vs. female camels (382±9.7 vs. 326±10.6 kg). Moreover, while the effect of sex was significant on wet hide weight (34±1.2 vs. 29.3±1.2 kg for malesandfemales, respectively), the difference observed between males and females regarding the thickness of hide was non-significant (P> 0.05). Breaking force, tensile strength and elongation of the leather samples decreased with increase in their thicknesses. It was found out that the obtained leather from the camel benefited from such valuable mechanical characteristics as tensile strength and extension with no variations being observed as due to the animal’s sex or genotype.
Volume 16, Issue 3 (5-2014)
Abstract
It is highly desirable to employ biopreservatives of the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties to avoid the side effects associated with the use of synthetic preservatives. Cake batters containing essential oil extracts of some such Iranian native herbs as: Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), Camel thorn (Alhagi maurorum) and Ajwain (Trachyspermum copticum), were prepared. The chemical compositions of the essential oil were determined through GC–MS experiments. The shelf lives of the cakes were estimated by TBA (ThioBarbituric Acid) along with mould count measurements at room temperature during a 6 week storage period. The results revealed that these essential oils were fully effective in retarding mould growth and fat rancidity in the cakes. It was therefore concluded that these essential oils are of the potential to be used in the food industry as promising biopreservatives.
Volume 18, Issue 5 (9-2016)
Abstract
The unique properties of camel milk, qualify this product to be used as a nutraceutical. In this study, functional synbiotic yogurt made from camel milk has been investigated in three levels of fat (0, 2.5 and 5% (w/v)). Probiotic bacteria (Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacilus delbrueckii and ssp. bulgaricus.) and β-glucan (prebiotic agent) were added in three levels of concentration (0.5, 1 and 1.5 % (v/v)) and (0, 1 and 2% (w/v)), respectively. The physicochemical properties of the product and viability of probiotic bacteria were measured on the 0, 7th and 14th days. Beta-glucan, fat and storage time had significantly (P< 0.05) increasing effects on viscosity, Water-Holding Capacity (WHC) and the viability of probiotic bacteria. These parameters caused decrease in syneresis and pH of yogurt. It was concluded that the addition of oat β-glucan to camel milk to make functional synbiotic yogurt could result in a product of acceptable physicochemical properties.
Volume 19, Issue 125 (7-2022)
Abstract
In recent years, Camelina (Camelina Sativa) has gained an extensive attention due to its properties as a new source of edible oil. Camelina seeds contain significant amounts of oil and essential fatty acids with nutritional and industrial importance. In this study, fatty acid composition, physicochemical properties, oxidative stability index, as well as atherogenicity and thrombogenicity of oil from camelina seed grown in Iran were investigated and compared with those of canola and sunflower seed oils extracted by cold pressing method. The dominant fatty acids of camelina, canola and sunflower oils were linolenic (30.429 ± 0.443), oleic (62.494 ± 0.187%) and linoleic (62.062 ± 0.252%) acids, respectively. Camelina oil w:as char:acterized by low values of atherogenicity (0.061 ± 0.001) and thrombogenicity (0.061 ± 0.001) and relatively high hypocholesterolemic to hypercholesterolemic ratio (12.314 ± 0.170). In addition, camelina oil had the lowest ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 (0.729 ±0.028), and the highest calculated oxidizability value (8.47 ±0.079) and monounsaturated to polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio (0.628 ±0.003). These results indicate the appropriate nutritional properties but high oxidative susceptibility of camelina oil compared to sunflower and canola oils. The peroxide and anisidine values of camelina, canola and sunflower oils were found to be 0.8 ±0.028, 0.77 ±0.042, 1.12 ± 0.057, and 0.21 ±0.014, 0.18 ±0.028, 0.28 ±0.000, respectively. Therefore, the stability of camelina oil was higher than expected despite the high level of omega-3 fatty acids, which might be justified by its high levels of tocopherols and other antioxidant compounds.
Volume 19, Issue 133 (2-2023)
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of chitosan edible film containing nanoemulsion of Melissa officinalis L. extract and Bunium persicum essential oil on Listeria monocytogenes inoculated into camel meat. The studied films were prepared using 2% chitosan and 2.5% and 5% of nanoemulsion of Bunium persicum essential oil and 4% of Melissa officinalis L. extract. The antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of coated camel meat during 16 days of storage at 4 °C with a 4-day interval (0, 4, 8, 12, 16) were evaluated. The coated portions were chemically evaluated. Most of the essential oil compounds include: cuminaldehyde (24.37%), γ-Terpinene (19.99%), and P-cymene (9.71%). The MIC of Melissa officinalis L. extract and Bunium persicum essential oil against L. monocytogenes were 1% and 0.25%, respectively. The antioxidant effects of films by DPPH method showed that the addition of essential oils and extracts increases the antioxidant properties of films. The antimicrobial effect of films by disk diffusion method, the largest diameter of growth inhibition zone (17.15 ± 0.16) was related to chitosan film containing 5% Bunium persicum essential oil and 4% Melissa officinalis L. extract. The average count of L. monocytogenes in the control treatment was higher than the other treatments. The results of TBARS showed that the antioxidant properties of films containing Bunium persicum essential oil and Melissa officinalis L. extract was higher than the control sample. The pH level in the samples coated with chitosan film containing 5% Bunium persicum essential oil and 4% Melissa officinalis L. extract was lower than the other treatments. In general, the prepared films have good antimicrobial and antioxidant properties against L. monocytogenes, which increase with the addition of plant compounds.
Volume 19, Issue 133 (2-2023)
Abstract
Camelina oil contains large amounts of unsaturated fatty acids and phenolic compounds, which affect the amount of blood factors such as blood lipids. The presence of these compounds reduces the deposition of fat in the veins and reduces the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of factors such as benzopyrene. The aim of this research is to evaluate the safety and effect of camellia oil as an edible oil on the growth, tissue and blood factors of Wistar rats in order to investigate its use in human nutrition. During this period (90 days), 40 male Wistar rats in 4 groups were administered Camelina oil with doses of 0.1, 1 and 10 ml daily compared to the control group, in blood and biochemical parameters such as lipid factors. Blood, ALT, AST, ALP and white and red blood cells were evaluated. In ALT, Cr, LDL, total cholesterol, WBC, PDW and RBC factors, no significant difference was observed between the groups and the control group. But the reduction of urea, TG, AST, RDW, MCHC occurred in different groups compared to the control group, and this reduction was associated with a significant difference. A significant difference was observed in blood glucose level in two groups with 1 and 10 ml diet. Also, the exposure of this oil to the studied doses did not cause any pathological and clinical effects in the studied animals compared to the control group animals in a period of three months. Also, the results of this study showed that due to the high amount of unsaturated fatty acids (linolenic acid and linoleic acid), tocopherol and other antioxidants, camellia oil can be effective in increasing the immunity of the cellular level of the body and human health.
Volume 21, Issue 153 (9-2024)
Abstract
Nowadays, due to the favorable effects of natural antioxidants such as the essential oils of various plants and delaying or preventing the oxidation of food based on oil or fat, instead of synthetic antioxidants, it has received a lot of attention. In this study, the effect of using the essential oils of Ferulago contracta, Rosmarinus officinalis and Lavandula officinalis plants extracted by steam distillation (at three levels of 100, 300 and 500 ppm) on the thermal stability of camellia oil extracted by cold pressing method under accelerated conditions (maintenance of oil at 65°C for 14 days) was investigated in comparison with camellia oil containing synthetic antioxidant TBHQ. Data analysis was done by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS25 software and comparing means using Duncan's multiple range test. The results showed that the type of essential oil, storage time and also their interaction had a significant effect (p<0.01) on the peroxide, anisidine and TOTOX value, so that with the increase in the storage time of the samples, the peroxide, anisidine and TOTOX value increased significantly (p<0.05) and with increasing the concentration of essential oils, it decreased significantly (p<0.05). After 14 days of storage in accelerated conditions, according to the results related to the total oxidation (TOTOX value), using the essential oil of Ferulago contracta and Rosmarinus officinalis (at the level of 500 ppm), the oxidation resistance of camellia oil compared to camellia oil samples containing the synthetic antioxidant TBHQ, it increased and the shelf life and use of camelina oil for frying became suitable.
Volume 24, Issue 5 (9-2022)
Abstract
Sustainable agriculture highly depends on the actions taken by the farmers and their ability to make a decision by using their knowledge and information efficiently. Therefore, farmers' perception needs to transfer from a technocratic approach to a social approach for promoting sustainable agriculture. This study was planned to analyze the tea growers' perception of sustainable agriculture in Rize Province. For this reason, a stratified sample of 138 tea farmers was contacted to get their perceptions about predefined sustainable farming practices. A total of 60 items were factor analyzed and ultimately 33 items in four main factors, namely, policy, social, environmental, and economic were identified to construct a sustainability perception index. Considering this index score, farmers' perceptions were divided into three groups including low, medium, and high-level perception. The explanatory variables were selected from the socioeconomic characteristics and communication behavior of farmers. The model results showed that education level, age, participation in farming events, watching television, and using the internet affected farmers' perception of sustainable farming in the region. Government should focus on policy-related issues like illegal tea entry, social factors like increasing the communication and socialization level among stakeholders, and environmental problems as a result of farm practices through arranging appropriate workshops.
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